https://guides.mclibrary.duke.edu/ebm
PICO
What is the P.I.C.O. Model?
Defining a clinical question in terms of the specific patient problem aids the searcher in finding clinically relevant evidence in the literature.
Essentially, PICO is a focused search strategy.
P-I-C-O Model for Clinical Questions
| P | Patient, Population, or Problem | How would I describe a group of patients similar to mine? |
| I | Intervention, Prognostic Factor, or Exposure | Which main intervention, prognostic factor, or exposure am I considering? |
| C | Comparison or Intervention (if appropriate) | What is the main alternative to compare with the intervention? |
| O | Outcome you would like to measure or achieve | What can I hope to accomplish, measure, improve, or affect? |
| T | Time Interval | What is the time interval to achieve desired outcomes? |
| What type of question are you asking? | Diagnosis, Etiology/Harm, Therapy, Prognosis, Prevention |
|
| Type of study you want to find | What would be the best study design/methodology? |
Table based on: Evidence Based Medicine: PICO. UIC Library.
What is Evidence-Based Medicine
"Evidence-based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence
in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence-based medicine
means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from
systematic research."
- David Sackett et al in the 1996 article, "Evidence-Based Medicine:
What it is and what it isn't" for BMJ. Full text here
5 A's of the EBP Decision-Making Cycle
http://s3.amazonaws.com/libapps/customers/2996/images/evidence_based_steps.PNG
Types of Studies
https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/ebm-tools/study-designs
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Research_design_and_evidence.svg
Evidence-Based Practice series in American Journal of Nursing
Part 1: Developing and Searching the Clinical Question
Part 2: Critical Appraisal of the Evidence
Part 3: Implementation
Part 4 : Disseminating the Evidence and Sustaining the Change
- EBP 2.0: From Strategy to Implementation
- EBP 2.0: Promoting Nurse Retention through Career Development Planning
- EBP 2.0: Data-Driven Precision Implementation Approach
- EBP 2.0: Implementing and Sustaining Change: The STAND Skin Bundle
- EBP 2.0: Implementing and Sustaining Change: The Malnutrition Readmission Prevention Protocol
- EBP 2.0: Implementing and Sustaining Change: The Evidence-Based Practice and Research Fellowship Program
- EBP 2.0: Implementing and Sustaining Change: Implementing Improved Central Line Flushing Practices